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The candy or candee (Marathi: खंडी, ''khaṇḍī'';〔.〕〔.〕 Tamil: கண்டி, ''kṇṭi'';〔.〕 Malayalam: ''kaṇḍi'',〔.〕 ''kaṇṭi''〔.〕), also known as the maunee, was a traditional South Asian unit of mass, equal to 20 maunds〔.〕 and roughly equivalent to 500 pounds avoirdupois (227 kilograms).〔〔.〕 It was most used in southern India, to the south of Akbar's empire, but has been recorded elsewhere in South Asia. In Marathi, the same word was also used for a unit of area of 120 bighas (25 hectares, very approximately), and it is also recorded as a unit of dry volume. The candy was generally one of the largest (if not ''the'' largest) unit in a given system of measurement. The name is thought to be derived from the Sanskrit खण्डन (root खुड्) ''khaṇḍ'', "to divide, break into pieces",〔 which has also been suggested as the root of the term (sugar-)candy. The word was adopted into several South Asian languages before the compilation of dictionaries, presumably through trade as several Dravidian languages have local synonyms: for example ఖండి ''kaṇḍi'' and పుట్టి ''puṭṭi'' in Telugu.〔.〕 == Unit of mass == The candy was equal to twenty maunds, but the value of the maund was not standardised across South Asia. There were at least three different approximate values for maund in early nineteenth century India, ranging from 11.34 kg to 37.32 kg,〔Prinsep (1840), p. 77.〕 and values from outside India varied even wider. Much of our knowledge of the values of South Asian mass units comes from an 1821 study ordered by the British East India Company and subsequently published as ''Kelly's Oriental Metrology'',〔〔It seems unlikely that Kelly actually measured any standards for the candy, or even that such large physical standards even existed. However, it can be assumed that he accurately measured standards for the maund (or a similar mass unit). His results are quoted to a precision of 1 dram avoirdupois ().〕 although the approximate value of 500 pounds for the candy is attested as early as 1618.〔 The earliest European reference to the candy (1563) puts its mass at 522 arráteis〔 (239.6 kg, 528.2 lbs.). The three Presidencies of British India had already undertaken a fair degree of standardisation of weights and measures by the time of Kelly's study.〔This process of standardisation was not complete until 1833 in the Bengal Presidency.〕 In the Madras Presidency, the maund was fixed at 25 lbs. av. (11.340 kg),〔''The Anglo-Hindoostanee Handbook'' (1850) gives the Madras maund as 25 troy pounds (9.331 kg), in contradiction with the values quoted in Prinsep (1840) that are far more complete and closer in time to the original British East India Company study of local weight standards (1821). It would seem unusual to have used troy weight for such large commercial quantities, so Prinsep's value has been retained here.〕 making the candy equal to 500 lbs. av.〔 (226.796 kg). In the Bombay Presidency, the maund was fixed at 28 lbs. av. (12.701 kg), making the candy exactly equal to 5 hundredweight〔 (560 lbs. av., 254.012 kg). In Bombay itself (present-day Mumbai), a separate value of the candy was recorded for "grain", equal to 8 parahs or 358 lbs. 6 oz. 4 dr.〔Prinsep (1840), pp. 84–90.〕 (162.563 kg, see also below). In the Bengal Presidency, where the candy was not traditionally used, the maund (or ''mun'') was a much larger unit, 100 troy pounds〔Prinsep (1840), p. 65.〕〔The use of an exact figure in troy weight for the Bengal Presidency stems from the definition of the local measurement system, based on the tola. The Bengal seer (1/80 of a Bengal maund) was exactly 72/35 pounds avoirdupois (p. 65 ), so the Bengal maund was exactly 1152/7 lbs. av.〕 (37.324 kg, equivalent to a candy of 746.5 kg). The effects of this standardisation can also be seen in other territories under direct British control. In Ceylon, the candy (also known as the bahar) was 500 lbs (226.796 kg) as on the Continent.〔 Use of the candy is also recorded in British Burma, where it was the equivalent of 150 viss:〔 its equivalent in Imperial units was measured as 500 lbs. (226.796 kg) in Pegu and 550 lbs. (249.476 kg) in Rangoon. Perhaps the most striking example is from the princely state of Travancore in southwest India. At the British East India Company trading station of Anjengo, (near modern-day Kadakkavoor〔.〕), the candy was equal to 35 telong and fixed at 560 lbs. (254.012 kg),〔 as in Bombay. At Colachy (modern-day Kolachal) however, less than 50 miles (80 km) to the south, the candy was measured at only 376 lbs. 1 oz. 2 dr.〔 (170.583 kg). File:Pope1880MadrasPres2.jpg|Madras Presidency shown in an 1880 map. File:Pope1880BombayPres2.jpg|Bombay Presidency in an 1880 map. File:Pope1880BengalPres2.jpg|Bengal Presidency in 1880. In the region of the Central Provinces, the maund was roughly 40 lbs.,〔 which is probably about the value it had under the Mughal Empire.〔Depending on the method of calculation, the Mughal ''mun'' can be estimated as either 34¾ lbs. av. or 47 lbs. av. ((1840), p. 81 ).〕 The candy was not recorded as being in use as a unit of measurement in this region in 1821.〔 Although not a part of the Central Provinces region, the unusually high value recorded for the candy in Baroda, Gujarat (modern-day Vadodara) – 892 lbs. 1 oz. 4 dr.〔 (404.640 kg) – can be explained by this higher value of the Mughal maund. The candy in Surat, the main port of Gujerat, is also consistently quoted as being much larger than the same unit further south.〔〔.〕 抄文引用元・出典: フリー百科事典『 ウィキペディア（Wikipedia）』 ■ウィキペディアで「Candy (unit)」の詳細全文を読む スポンサード リンク
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